Part of the propylaea, Jupiter Temple

Part of the propylaea, Jupiter Temple

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, columns and pillars

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, columns and pillars

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, detail of Corinthian capital

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's entrance from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s entrance from the outside

Jamiʿ Aslan Dada, Corinthian marble capital decorating the prayer niche

Jamiʿ Aslan Dada, Corinthian marble capital decorating the prayer niche

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, capital with muqarnas of a column in the double arcade

Jamiʿ al-ʿAdiliyya, capital with muqarnas of a column in the double arcade

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Tetrapylon and Colonnaded Street, 3rd century AD

Tetrapylon and Colonnaded Street, 3rd century AD

Jamiʿ Aslan Dada, a marble column with a Corinthian capital decorating the prayer niche

Jamiʿ Aslan Dada, a marble column with a Corinthian capital decorating the prayer niche

Afamiya, remains of the Great Colonnade (Cardo Maximus)

Afamiya, remains of the Great Colonnade (Cardo Maximus)

Damage pattern, anthropogenic impact on sandstone, Karnak Temple, Luxor, Egypt

Fig. 62, Catalogue of Damage

Hadrian’s Arch, 3rd c. AD

Hadrian’s Arch, 3rd c. AD

Afamiya, Remains of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, Remains of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Al-Madrasa az-Zahiriyya, general view of the main facade and the entrance

Al-Madrasa az-Zahiriyya, general view of the main facade and the entrance

Al-Madrasa az-Zahiriyya, general view of the entrance

Al-Madrasa az-Zahiriyya, general view of the entrance

Qanawat, view of the nymphaeum

Qanawat, view of the nymphaeum

Arch of Triumph (Qaws Hadrian) from the outside

Arch of Triumph (Qaws Hadrian) from the outside

The Byzantine basilica, view from the south, Qalʿat Burqush

The Byzantine basilica, view from the south, Qalʿat Burqush

Remains of the Cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Remains of the Cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Capital and remains of the Byzantine cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Capital and remains of the Byzantine cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Remains of the Byzantine Cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Remains of the Byzantine Cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Capital in the Byzantine Cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Capital in the Byzantine Cathedral, Qalʿat Burqush

Southwest side of the Byzantine Basilica, Qalʿat Burqush

Southwest side of the Byzantine Basilica, Qalʿat Burqush

Decoration on the Arch of Triumph (Qaws Hadrian)

Decoration on the Arch of Triumph (Qaws Hadrian)

Damascus, Propylaea of Jupiter Temple, 1st CE. AD

Damascus, Propylaea of Jupiter Temple, 1st CE. AD

Busra, the Roman theater stage is surrounded by the Islamic citadel

Busra, the Roman theater stage is surrounded by the Islamic citadel

Fluted column- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Fluted column- The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower with its machicolations and parapets